
Introducing new plants to an area may have both positive and negative effects on the environment, economy and community. To minimise the negative environmental impact of introducing new agricultural species, we use a risk assessment procedure based on widely accepted scientific standards.
Agriculture in Australia is based largely on exotic or non-indigenous plants, however there is a well-documented history of introduced plants becoming environmental weeds.
A number of plants introduced for agriculture have spread from sown areas and become serious environmental weeds. For example, Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) was introduced into the Northern Territory as a pasture species but has subsequently become a serious environmental weed as the large biomass greatly increases the intensity of fires (note: Gamba grass is a prohibited import into Western Australia (WA)).
Species in the pastoral zone
All landholders in the pastoral zone of WA (Kimberley, Pilbara, Gascoyne-Goldfields) are encouraged to be aware of the potential of species they sow or cultivate to become weeds of the natural environment and to take appropriate measures to minimise the risk.
On pastoral leasehold land, a diversification permit from the Pastoral Lands Board is required to grow any species that are not indigenous to WA. Diversification permits for species that are endemic (i.e. native) to WA are not required. The status of species (native or exotic/alien) can be checked using Florabase.
The environmental weed risk ratings for a wide range of species for the Kimberley, Pilbara, and Gascoyne-Goldfields regions in the pastoral zone of WA have been assessed.

Weed risk assessment process
To minimise the negative environmental impact of introducing new agricultural species, DPIRD use a weed risk assessment procedure based on widely accepted scientific standards.
The environmental weed risk assessment (WRA) of a species is assessed for 3 regions in the pastoral zone of WA (Kimberley, Pilbara, Gascoyne-Goldfields) using a 3 step process (Figure 1).
Non-indigenous species or specific varieties may undergo post-border weed risk assessment after checking that each of the proposed species is:
- permitted entry into Australia
- not a Weed of National Significance (WoNS)
- not listed as a WA prohibited organism (s12) or a declared pest (s22) on Western Australian Organism List (WAOL).
- either listed as a permitted organism (s11), or a permit has been granted for its import (r73) on WAOL.
If a proposed species is not listed as a prohibited organism, declared pest or permitted organism on WAOL, the applicant/importer can lodge an ‘Application for Import Permit’ with DPIRD.
The second step is a ‘filter’ to identify species which are:
- recorded as environmental weeds in similar environments in Australia or overseas and,
- likely to persist in the given environment without management.
Species with a ‘negative’ response to both filters represent a negligible to low environmental weed risk in the pastoral zone.
For all other species, an environmental weed risk assessment (WRA) is undertaken using the ‘Environmental weed risk assessment protocol for growing non-indigenous plants in the Western Australian rangelands’ (Moore et al. 2022) which is based on the methodology developed by the Future Farm Industries Co-operative Research Centre (FFI CRC) WRA for southern Australia (Stone et al. 2012). DPIRD Bulletin 4924
Note: *For all organisms listed on WAOL under s11 of the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 or r73 of the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Regulations 2013.
**The ‘environment’ can be considered in the context of the WA Rangelands and the three regions (Kimberley, Pilbara, Gascoyne-Goldfields), or for a specific application within a single Region.
***Without management, means without any fertiliser, rhizobia, irrigation, grazing management or control of competition from other species.
The WRA protocol is subdivided into 3 sections where:
- invasiveness – assesses the ability of a species to spread beyond agricultural systems or grazed native vegetation into intact native vegetation
- impacts – assesses the potential detrimental impacts a species may have on intact natural ecosystems
- potential distribution – assesses how widely adapted is the species to the novel environment based on the climate and soils of the target area.
Weed risk score calculation
The first 2 sections of the protocol contain a series of questions that will generate a weed risk score depending on the response given. The scores for each question are then summed and standardised (maximum score of 10 for each section).
The adjusted scores for each section are then multiplied by the potential distribution score (maximum score of 10) to arrive at the overall weed risk score (equation 1).
Equation 1: Weed risk score = Invasiveness (0–10) x Impacts (0–10) x Potential distribution (0–10)
The weed risk category is then determined from the weed risk score (Table 1).
Example: For species X with an invasiveness score of 6.2, an impacts score of 3.2 and a potential distribution score of 4.4, the risk score equals 6.2 x 3.2 x 4.4 = 87.3, which equates to a medium risk rating.
Table 1 Weed risk scores and corresponding risk rating
Weed risk score |
Risk rating |
Possible conditions on a diversification permit |
>236 |
Very high |
In general, unlikely to be approved, however if approved the PLB may include additional conditions. |
112 – 235 |
High |
If approved, the PLB may include additional conditions. |
50 – 111 |
Medium |
Standard conditions |
0 – 49 |
Negligible to low |
Standard conditions |
Source: Future Farm Industries (FFI) CRC; Stone et al. (2012)
Environmental weed risk ratings for the pastoral zone of WA
The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development has assessed the following species using the ‘Environmental weed risk assessment protocol for growing non-indigenous plants in the Western Australian rangelands (Moore et al. 2022). This protocol is based on the Future Farm Industries Co-operative Research Centre methodology.
Plants are listed alphabetically in by species names. Blank cells mean that an assessment has not been conducted or is currently in preparation. Species native to WA have not been included.
Species name |
Common name |
Gascoyne-Goldfields |
Pilbara |
Kimberley |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arcoceras macrum |
Nile grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Agave tequilana |
Blue agave, tequila agave |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Allium cepa |
common onion |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Alysicarpus vaginalis |
Alyce clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Arachis glabrata |
peanut prime |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Arachis pintoi |
peanut pinto |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Asparagus officinalis |
asparagus |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Avena sativa |
oats |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Beta vulgaris |
fodder beet, beet |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Bothriochloa insculpta |
creeping bluegrass |
|
|
|
Bothriochloa pertusa |
Indian bluegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>450mm) |
Brassica napus |
canola, oilseed rape |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Brassica rapa |
turnip |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Avena sativa |
oats |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Beta vulgaris |
fodder beet, beet |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Bothriochloa insculpta |
creeping bluegrass |
|
|
|
Bothriochloa pertusa |
Indian bluegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>450mm) |
Brassica napus |
canola, oilseed rape |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Brassica rapa |
turnip |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Avena sativa |
oats |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Beta vulgaris |
fodder beet, beet |
Negligible to low |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Bothriochloa insculpta |
creeping bluegrass |
|
|
|
Bothriochloa pertusa |
Indian bluegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>450mm) |
Brassica napus |
canola, oilseed rape |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Brassica rapa |
turnip |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cajanus cajan |
pigeon pea |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cenchrus americanus |
pearl millet |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cenchrus ciliaris |
buffel grass |
TBD |
Very high |
Very high |
Cenchrus clandestinus |
kikuyu |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cenchrus purpureus |
elephant grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cenchrus setiger |
Birdwood grass |
TBD (>200mm) |
High |
High |
Centrosema brasilianum |
Brazilian centro |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Centrosema pascuorum |
centro |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Chamaecrista rotundifolia |
Wynn cassia, roundleaf cassia |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Chloris gayana |
Rhodes grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>550mm) |
Cicer arietinum |
chickpeas |
Negligible to low |
Negligibleto low |
Negligible to low |
Cichorium intybus |
chicory |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Citrullus lanatus |
watermelon |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Citrus reticulata |
mandarin |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Citrus x limon |
lemon |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Citrus x paradisi |
grapefruit |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Citrus x sinensis |
orange |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Clitoria ternatea |
butterfly pea |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium (>400mm) |
Cucumis melo |
rockmelon |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cucurbita argyrosperma |
cushaw pumpkin |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cucurbita maxima |
squash, gourd |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cucurbita moschata |
squash |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cucurbita pepo |
marrow, pumpkin |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Cynodon dactylon |
couch grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Very high (>550mm) |
Dactylis glomerata |
cocksfoot |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Daucus carota |
cultivated carrot |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Desmanthus virgatus |
desmanthus |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
High |
Desmodium heterophyllum |
hetero |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Desmodium intortum |
greenleaf desmodium |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium (>800mm) Negligible to low |
Dichanthium annulatum |
Sheda grass |
|
|
|
Dichanthium aristatum |
Angleton grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Digitaria eriantha |
digit grass, pangola grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Digitaria milanjiana |
finger grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Dimocarpus longan |
lychee, longan |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Echinochloa esculenta |
Japanese millet |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Eragrostis curvula |
African lovegrass |
Very high |
Very high |
High |
Eucalyptus polybractea |
Blue-leaved mallee |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Festuca arundinacea |
tall fescue |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Ficus carica |
figs |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Glycine max |
soybean |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Gossypium barbadense |
cotton |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Gossypium hirsutum |
cotton |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Helianthus annuus |
sunflower |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Hordeum vulgare |
barley |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Ipomoea batatas |
sweet potato |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lablab purpureus |
lablab |
Negligible |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena collinsii |
leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena confertiflora |
leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena cuspidate |
leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena diversifolia |
leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Leucaena esculenta |
guaje |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena greggii |
gregg leadtree, guajillo |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena lanceolata |
leadtree |
Medium |
Very high |
Very high |
Leucaena leucocephala |
leucaena, coffee bush |
TBD (>250mm) |
High |
Very high |
Leucaena macrophylla |
leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Leucaena pallida |
leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena pulverulenta |
great leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena retusa |
littleleaf leadtree |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena shannoni |
guaje |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena trichandra |
lobadaviyia |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Leucaena trichodes |
beranero |
Negligibl |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lolium multiflorum |
Italian ryegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lolium perenne |
perennial ryegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lolium rigidum |
annual ryegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lotus corniculatus |
birdsfoot trefoil |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lotus uliginosus |
greater lotus |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lupinus angustifolius |
narrowleaf lupins |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Lolium rigidum |
annual ryegrass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Macroptilium atropurpureum |
siratro, atro |
TBD |
Very high |
Very high |
Macroptilium bracteatum |
burgundy bean |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Mangifera indica |
mango |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Medicago littoralis |
strand medic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medicago orbicularis |
button medic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medicago polymorpha |
burr medic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medicago sativa |
lucerne, alfalfa |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medicago scutellata |
snail medic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medicago truncatula |
barrel medic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Megathyrsus maximus |
panic grass |
Negligible |
Negligible |
High (>650mm) |
Moringa oleifera |
moringa |
Negligible |
Negligible |
High |
Neonotonia wightii |
glycine |
Very high |
Very high |
Very high |
Ornithopus sativus |
French serradella |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Panicum coloratum |
Bambatsi panic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>400mm) |
Passiflora edulis |
passionfruit |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Phalaris aquatica |
phalaris |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Phoenix dactylifera |
date palm |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to medium (niche) |
Negligible to medium (niche) |
Plantago lanceolata |
plantain |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Prunus persica |
peach |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Panicum coloratum |
Bambatsi panic |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>400mm) |
Passiflora edulis |
passionfruit |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Phalaris aquatica |
phalaris |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Phoenix dactylifera |
date palm |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to medium (niche) |
Negligible to medium (niche) |
Plantago lanceolata |
plantain |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Prunus persica |
peach |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Puccinellia ciliata |
puccinellia |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Raphanus sativus |
radish (vegetable) |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Salvia hispanica |
chia |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Santalum album |
Indian sandalwood |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Secale cereale |
cereal rye, rye |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Sesamum indicum |
sesame |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Solanum tuberosum |
potato |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Sorghum bicolor |
hybrid forage sorghum |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible |
Sorghum x almum |
perennial sorghum |
TBD |
Medium |
High |
Stylosanthes guianensis |
common stylo |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>500mm) |
Stylosanthes guianensis |
fine stem stylo |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>500mm) |
Stylosanthes hamata |
Caribbean stylo, (Verano) |
Negligible to low |
Medium (>350mm) |
Medium |
Stylosanthes scabra |
shrubby stylo, (Seca) |
Negligible to low |
Medium (>350mm) |
Medium |
Stylosanthes seabrana |
Caatinga stylo |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Tamarindus indica |
tamarind |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium alexandrinum |
Berseem clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium michelianum |
balansa clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium pratense |
red clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium repens |
white clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium resupinatum |
Persian clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium subterraneum |
subterranean clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Trifolium vesiculosum |
arrowleaf clover |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Triticum aestivum |
wheat |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Urochloa decumbens |
signal grass |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
High (>900mm) |
Urochloa humidicola |
humidicola |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Medium |
Urochloa mosambicensis |
sabi grass |
Negligible to low |
Medium (>350mm) |
High |
Vaccinium corymbosum |
blueberry |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Vaccinium corymbosum x |
blueberry hybrids |
Negligible to low |
Negligible |
Negligible to low |
Vicia faba |
faba bean |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Vicia sativa |
vetch |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Vicia villosa |
woolly pod vetch |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Vigna radiata |
mung bean |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Vigna unguiculata |
cowpea |
Negligible to low |
Medium (>300mm) |
Medium |
Vitis vinifera |
grapevines |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Zea mays |
corn, maize |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
Negligible to low |
References
Moore G, Munday C, Barua P (2022) ‘Environmental weed risk assessment protocol for growing non-indigenous plants in the Western Australian rangelands’, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Bulletin no. 4924, Perth.
Stone L, Munday C, Bettink K (2012) ‘Environmental weed risk assessment protocol’ Future Farm Industries CRC Weed Risk Assessment.